Rhesus macaque lives in a wide range of habitats, and shows a great deal of adaptability. Populations of rhesus macaque are most commonly found in western Afghanistan, through India to northern Thailand. This species formerly was abundant in southern China and Tibet before humans led to the dwindling of macaque populations in these areas over the last sixty years. As well as living in the wilderness, some populations of rhesus macaque have become accustomed to living alongside humans.

Various populations of rhesus macaque are kept in captivity due to their importance as a model organism correlate to human. Some examples of their critical contributions are in the fields of neuroscience, behavioral biology, reproductive physiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular studies and pharmacology. Large males may reach 60 cm in length, yet males and females may differ in weight, body size and canine size. Hair coloration variation among rhesus macaque includes gray, brown or black fur. A typical rhesus macaque has a naked face with a tail about half as long as it's body and is capable of a great variety of facial expressions and communication vocals. These communication complexities displayed within social groups of 25-60 individuals suggest a high degree of intelligence.

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